Tools used in the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook (SDO) included the official Climate Prediction Center (CPC) temperature and precipitation outlooks for September 2015 and September-October-November (SON) 2015, various short- and medium-range forecasts and models such as the 5-day and 7-day precipitation totals forecast (QPFs) from the Weather Prediction Center (WPC), the 6-10 day and 8-14 day CPC extended-range forecasts (ERFs), the NAEFS precipitation outlooks, the soil moisture tools based on the Constructed Analog on Soil Moisture (CAS), dynamical models (CFSv2, NMME, IRI, IMME, and ECMWF), the 384-hour total precipitation forecasts from several runs of the GFS, the four-month Palmer drought termination and amelioration probabilities, September and SON climatology, and initial conditions. An El Nino (ENSO) Advisory continues in effect, with the August 13, 2015 ENSO Diagnostic Discussion indicating a 90 percent chance of El Nino conditions continuing through Northern Hemisphere winter 2015-16, and 85 percent chance it will last into early spring 2016. This El Nino is one of the strongest on record for this time of the year (mid-August).

Improvement or removal of drought across the Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and eastern Nevada is based on short-term and extended-range precipitation forecasts, increased chances for above-median precipitation in CPC’s September and SON outlooks, and late August and September wet climatology. Similar to what remnant moisture from former Hurricane Delores dropped on normally arid southern California during mid-July, the active East Pacific hurricane season is expected to continue due to the ongoing El Nino and above-normal sea surface temperatures during the outlook period. With the relatively strong wet signal among the precipitation tools, a less severe and shorter drought as compared to California, forecast confidence is a bit higher here than to the west. A significant increase in reservoir levels across the Southwest is not expected until an adequate winter snowfall season occurs.  With the CPC September and SON outlooks favoring above-median precipitation across the eastern Great Basin (which is not in as severe of drought as western sections), improvement or removal is the probable outcome in this region.  
Forecast confidence for the Southwest and Great Basin is moderate.

September and October are a dry time of year across California (known for hot Santa Ana winds and wild fire season), while November normally marks the commencement of cold season precipitation, especially in northern sections. With the monthly and seasonal precipitation outlooks keeping above-median odds in extreme southern sections (and EC elsewhere), drought persistence is strongly favored for the rest of the State. Any drought removal, associated with monsoon rainfall and tropical cyclone activity across the East Pacific, is expected to be limited to the southeast California desert (some of which is currently drought free). 
Forecast confidence for California is high.

During the past several months, drought expanded or intensified across the Pacific Northwest, Idaho, and western Montana.  Washington and Oregon observed its warmest May-July on record, and Idaho the fifth warmest. The September to November climatology increasingly becomes wetter, and with the SON outlooks tilting toward sub-median precipitation and above-normal temperatures, this could result in further intensification of drought. In western Montana, the SON precipitation consensus is somewhat weak among tools, but becomes stronger for a dry signal (northern Rockies) as the winter season continues during an El Nino. With the increased chances for above-normal temperatures during SON and increasing odds for winter dryness, persistence is favored across western Montana.
Forecast confidence for persistence or intensification across the Pacific Northwest and western Montana is high.

Areas of short-term moderate drought exist in northeastern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin. Short-term and extended-range rainfall, lower autumn temperatures and evapotranspiration, and increased chances for above-median precipitation in the strong El Nino composites during SON favors elimination of these small D1 areas.
Forecast confidence for northeastern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin is moderate.

With recent (30-days) dryness and above-normal temperatures, the U.S. Drought Monitor has somewhat expanded both short and long-term abnormal dryness and drought across eastern New England and Long Island after some improvements were made a month ago due to a wet June and early July, this coming on the heels of a dry spring. These back and forth drought changes are expected to tilt toward additional drought expansion across the Northeast as favored by the SON precipitation outlook and the El Nino composites (both forecasting sub-median totals). The probabilities then favor wetness during the winter along the Atlantic Coast due to the expected enhanced sub-tropical jet (storm track) from El Nino off the East Coast.
Forecast confidence for the Northeast is moderate.

Spotty late spring and summer rainfall coupled with above-normal temperatures resulted in short-term drought development across parts of Mississippi eastward into the Carolinas, and northern and southern Florida. A cold front is expected to focus convection (1 to 2 inches) this week across most of the Southeast, then odds favor drier and cooler weather into early September. September precipitation odds favor sub-median rainfall along the eastern Gulf and southern Atlantic Coast States, along with above-normal temperatures, based upon the quiet Atlantic tropical season (Sep. 10 is the peak date). Since October and November are climatologically drier than September, and an enhanced sub-tropical jet (from El Nino) would most-likely favor areas farther to the west, drought that persists or develops early in the SON period in eastern sections (Georgia-Carolinas-Florida) should linger to the end of November. In Florida, a normally wet September combined with sub-median precipitation probabilities (and quiet Atlantic tropical season) favors drought continuation and expansion. 
Forecast confidence is low to moderate across the Southeast.

In contrast to the Southeast, the increased odds for above-median precipitation in western areas (Texas-Louisiana-Arkansas) are due to eastward-directed September monsoonal moisture combined with cold fronts, and a possible El Nino enhanced sub-tropical jet later, allowing for more and earlier chances of precipitation to improve the drought during the SON period. This forecast, however, is tricky due to the timing of expected enhanced precipitation causes – since the enhanced sub-tropical jet (and odds for wetness) will be more likely later during the winter months. 
Forecast confidence is low for the southern Great Plains and lower Mississippi Valley.

A lack of snowfall this past winter, a relatively dry spring, continued above-normal temperatures, and near-record wild fires resulted in drought development across parts of Alaska since the previous outlook. Fortunately, rainfall has increased in coverage and amounts since the last Drought Outlook. With favorable chances (greatest along the southern coast) for above-median September and SON precipitation, prospects for drought amelioration are best for the Alaska Panhandle and Kenai Peninsula, and good for interior sections as temperatures cool during the fall months as the frequency of storms increase. Climatologically, September is quite wet, with October and November still wet along the southern coasts.
Forecast confidence is moderate for Alaska.

For Hawaii, there is a tendency toward wetter conditions during El Nino summers and drier conditions during El Nino winters. Since this is the fall outlook, Hawaii will most-likely transition from possible wetness to dryness during this season. However, with recent active tropical activity (e.g. moisture from Guillermo) expected to continue in the central Pacific, and trade winds occurring about 90 percent of the time, any excess moisture will fall on the windward (east-facing) slopes of the Islands. Therefore, the small D1 areas on Maui and Kauai are forecast for removal while the leeward side drought will likely persist into the end of November – and then there will be concern for drought during the winter.
Forecast confidence in Hawaii is moderate.

Suppressed convection across much of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean has resulted in rapidly deteriorating conditions. As of August 15, San Juan has recorded 8.53 inches since April 1, accumulating a deficit of more than 14 inches. On August 16, however, San Juan measured 1.82 inches of rain, the greatest daily total this year. Climate anomalies associated with El Nino strongly favor suppressed convection and reduced tropical cyclone activity across the Caribbean, and this signal is supported by dynamical model guidance. Therefore, drought is expected to persist or develop across much of Puerto Rico. However, the wet climatology during SON may provide short-term relief such as an increase in topsoil moisture, or an unexpected tropical storm (e.g. recently formed Tropical Storm Danny) could dump enough rain on the island to improve conditions.
Forecast confidence in Puerto Rico is moderate.

Forecaster: David Miskus

Next Seasonal Outlook issued: September 17, 2015 at 8:30 AM EDT